‘Perturbed-physics ensembles offer a systematic approach to quantify uncertainty in models of the climate system response to external forcing. Here we investigate uncertainties in the twenty-first century transient response in a multi-thousand-member ensemble of transient AOGCM simulations from 1920 to 2080 using HadCM3L, a version of the UK Met Office Unified Model, as part of the climateprediction.net British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) climate change experiment (CCE). We generate ensemble members by perturbing the physics in the atmosphere, ocean and sulphur cycle components, with transient simulations driven by a set of natural forcing scenarios and the SRES A1B emissions scenario, and also control simulations to account for unforced model drifts.’
https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/9287/Broad%20range%20of%202050%20warming%20from%20an%20observationally%20constrained%20large%20climate%20model%20ensemble.pdf?sequence=2
We get a broad range of results from a single model where the input parameters are varied systematically within feasible limits.
‘Various remotely sensed cloud properties are combined to investigate their impact on the top of atmosphere upwards radiative flux (SWUP) over the Southern Ocean, where climate models indicate a strong negative cloud shortwave feedback. Our calculated SWUP is verified against CERES data from 2007-2008 and shows low biases and R²>= 0.96. Our analysis tests the relative significance of seasonally varying cloud properties to SWUP and allows insight into how they interplay to form a negative climate feedback. Low cloud fraction reaches a maximum and droplet effective radius (re) a minimum in summer, which combine to increase SWUP during this season, relative to the annual average; re decreases account for 4-5 W/m² of extra SWUP, increases in low cloud fraction account for an extra 8-10 W/m². However, summertime SWUP is decreased due to decreases in the liquid and ice water paths of low clouds (by 5-10 W/m²) and phase transitions from ice to liquid (by 2-4 W/m²). Wintertime increases in liquid water path cause an increase in SWUP of up to 10 W/m². We hypothesize that the cloud climate feedback in models may be biased positively due to the under representation of cloud ice, thus weakening the negative optical depth feedback due to ice transitioning to liquid. Depending upon re, our estimate of the feedback effect of such transitions varies by a factor of 2-5, highlighting the importance of a more comprehensive understanding of aerosol and cloud processes in this region.’ http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~dennis/McCoy_etal_JC_2013.pdf
‘The global coupled atmosphere–ocean–land–cryosphere system exhibits a wide range of physical and dynamical phenomena with associated physical, biological, and chemical feedbacks that collectively result
in a continuum of temporal and spatial variability. The traditional boundaries between weather and climate are, therefore, somewhat artificial.
The large-scale climate, for instance, determines the environment for microscale (1 km or less) and mesoscale (from several kilometers to several hundred kilometers) processes that govern weather and local
climate, and these small-scale processes likely have significant impacts on the evolution of the large-scale circulation
The accurate representation of this continuum of variability in numerical models is, consequently, a challenging but essential goal. Fundamental barriers to advancing weather and climate prediction on time scales from days to years, as well as longstanding systematic
errors in weather and climate models, are partly attributable to our limited understanding of and capability for simulating the complex, multiscale interactions intrinsic to atmospheric, oceanic, and cryospheric fluid motions. ‘ http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2009BAMS2752.1
Cloud is a result of these complex, multiscale interactions – and I would suggest that cloud narrative needs to be constrained by observation. But significant changes in cloud in future are likely to be driven by changes in ocean and atmospheric circulation.
A decrease in cloud cover in the last warming period – a step change at the last climate shift – and relatively unchanged since.