Willard, “Wait, Cap’n. Are you suggesting that unless we include daily sea ice concentration analysis or buoy measurements of open water SST in the Arctic Ocean, no statistical analysis can never make any physical sense?”
No, I am saying there is considerable uncertainty as to what energy that temperature actually means. It makes physical sense when you include the realistic uncertainties. As far a thermo goes, tropical SST plus allowance for ice coverage would be more meaningful, but you have to use what you have. An average ocean temperature would be the best thermo reference, that only varies by a degree or so, but it isn’t exactly an easy thing to determine.
I posted that below, but see how the 0-100 meter temperature anomaly is right in the middle of the pack. That is one gut check. With a planet scale problem I think lots of gut checks are a good thing.