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Comment on Week in review – science edition by climategrog

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“New paper finds “large” natural climate cycle of ~17 years in the North Atlantic”

JC mis-introduced that paper. It is about a cycle produced by a climate model , NOT a cycle in climate.

The title of the paper is clear: “A mechanism of internal decadal variability in a high resolution coupled climate model”


Comment on Embracing uncertainty in climate change policy (!) by Peter Lang

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Steven Mosher,

Often your comments are childish and silly.

You say you believe in cheap everything wheeeee. Well gee, eh, how silly and childish is that comment? The reason why least cost energy for all peoples, especially the poorest, is so important is well established and has been demonstrated since humans first began to control fire and later tame animals to do work. If you are not aware of this you are ignorant of the most basic facts.

You say you don’t believe GHG emissions are dangerous. But then you say there is a risk. What is the risk? Do you know what risk means and how to quantify it? It is consequence of an event or condition multiplied by the probability it will occur. So, what is the consequence? Please state it and quantify it in units of economic cost or fatalities per time period for a given year. If you say GHG emissions are not dangerous, what is the consequence?

Please avoid the juvenile sentences and answer constructively.

Comment on Embracing uncertainty in climate change policy (!) by Peter Lang

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Willard,

Flat earth theory stays on the table too. That doesn’t mean it will be taken seriously. You comments are stupid.

Comment on Week in review – science edition by Turbulent Eddie

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So, there has been a lack of high energy, vertically erupting, volcanic events since Pinatubo, the kind which inject aerosol into the stratosphere, but as the article indicates, a lot of lesser events.

Not sure about relationship to the slowdown in tropospheric warming.
Strat aerosols reflect some incoming solar and also absorb some and also change IR emissions somewhat for the few years they remain aloft. But the lack of strat aerosol in the years since, has meant more incoming solar, not less, so…

Will be interesting to see what happens with the next eventual eruption.

Also, worth considering the strat temperatures higher up:

Comment on Week in review – science edition by michael hart (@michael97087462)

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In lab studies it has been observed that even in a monoculture, the rate of adaptation by small organisms (say, drug resistance of the malaria parasite) can depend on the size of flask being used.

…Which makes good logical sense when the population is looked at, not as a single genome, but as a population of different genomes to be selected from. With a flask the size of an ocean this makes adaptation projections a lot harder in the real world.

The same studies also find that when the selective pressure is removed for many, many generations, even at the cellular level in such organisms, genetic memory is still retained that allows a rapid reversion if necessary.

All this is is nothing new to a lot of scientists, but seems to be forbidden knowledge for catastrophists.

Comment on Week in review – science edition by AK

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<blockquote>How human gametes might be environmentally methylated is either unknown or “impossible”.</blockquote>Methylation is fundamentally inheritable. There are enzymes that carry the methylation on one side of a DNA string (inherited from the original) to the other after DNA replication. If those enzymes are expressed, methylation will be inherited during mitosis. Also, gametes will posses it if their parent cells in the germ line do. Methylation can be added, during development <b>or lifetime</b> by, <i>e.g.</i>, <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=de+novo++DNA++methyltransferases+DNMT3A+and+DNMT3B&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart&sa=X&ved=0CBwQgQMwAGoVChMIxaPU8LOZxwIVE-iACh3wXwgf" rel="nofollow"><i>de novo</i> DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B</a>. If they are added in the germ line, they can be inherited by sexual offspring. (Note that mechanisms for such "epigenetic" inheritance have to be present as the result of prior genetic evolution.) Methylation can also be <a href="http://zhanglab.tch.harvard.edu/2010papers/10.pdf" rel="nofollow">removed:</a><blockquote>DNA methylation is one of the best-characterized epigenetic modifications and has been implicated in numerous biological processes, including transposable element silencing, genomic imprinting and X chromosome inactivation. Compared with other epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation is thought to be relatively stable. Despite its role in long-term silencing, DNA methylation is more dynamic than originally thought as active DNA demethylation has been observed during specific stages of development. In the past decade, many enzymes have been proposed to carry out active DNA demethylation and growing evidence suggests that, depending on the context, this process may be achieved by multiple mechanisms. Insight into how DNA methylation is dynamically regulated will broaden our understanding of epigenetic regulation and have great implications in somatic cell reprogramming and regenerative medicine.</blockquote>This is an active field, with plenty of <a href="http://zhanglab.tch.harvard.edu/2013papers/10.pdf" rel="nofollow">exiting work</a><blockquote>DNA methylation has a profound impact on genome stability, transcription and development. Although enzymes that catalyse DNA methylation have been well characterized, those that are involved in methyl group removal have remained elusive, until recently. The transformative discovery that ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes can oxidize 5-methylcytosine has greatly advanced our understanding of DNA demethylation. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a key nexus in demethylation that can either be passively depleted through DNA replication or actively reverted to cytosine through iterative oxidation and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG)-mediated base excision repair. Methylation, oxidation and repair now offer a model for a complete cycle of dynamic cytosine modification, with mounting evidence for its significance in the biological processes known to involve active demethylation.</blockquote>

Comment on Week in review – science edition by AK

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<blockquote>During meiosis the cytoplasm of the diploid mother cell is given in equal portion to diploid daughter cells along with the current mix of regulatory RNAs floating in the cytoplasm.</blockquote>AFAIK this technically isn't true for mammals, and IIRC most vertebrates. Almost all of the cytoplasm from the original mother cell goes to a single egg, while the other 3 suites of DNA are discarded as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_body" rel="nofollow">polar bodies.</a> But it's true in principle, since instead of 1/4 or 1/2 of the regulatory RNA, the egg gets all of it.

Comment on Week in review – science edition by Turbulent Eddie


Comment on Week in review – science edition by opluso

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The thesis on “Cryospheric Mass Variations from GRACE” is a reminder of the importance of data corrections and adjustments (e.g., instrument resolution limits and model assumptions for the imperfectly spherical globe) for satellite-derived estimates of ice mass loss.

Comment on Week in review – science edition by David Springer

Comment on Week in review – science edition by AK

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Here.

Slightly tangential to the topic, but very interesting, and it highlights some of the ways evolutionary science remains not settled.

Comment on Week in review – science edition by Peter Lang

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The site is down for maintenance so I can’t open it at the moment, but I skimmed it yesterday. I noticed one figure showing temperatures v time. If I recall correctly, it showed CO2 starting at 1100 ppm and 6C temp drop decrease.

Since life thrived and food was plentiful at 1100 ppm CO2, it seems to me very hard to support an argument that GHG emissions are dangerous, learnt alone catastrophic.

Another chart showed 6C temp increase in a million years at the start of the Early Eocene. From what I seem to recall life boomed during the warming periods. Life loves warming. Looks good to me. I am finding it very hard to believe the doomsayers – like Steven Mosher and Vaughan Pratt.

Comment on Week in review – science edition by David Springer

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P. Falciparens, the eukaryotic malaria parasite, is said to be most widely studied animal other than humans. It has a genome of approximately 27 million base pairs. Eukaryotic single point mutation rate is about one per 10^9 replications. There are approximately one trillion replications in a single human being with malaria. So in a single bout of malaria every possible single point mutation gets tried on for size many times over. All the drugs we have to combat malaria require at least 2 interdependent single point mutations for the parasite to resist. It has somehow managed to find and propagate those. With 100,000,000 people infected each year there’s a good chance of developing resistance in some individual but there’s another filter stopping it. A mosquito has to bite an individual with drug resistant parasites and then pass it along to someone else. Sexual reproduction of the parasite occurs in gut of the mosquito. It’s all asexual in the human host.

This kind of illustrates the limits of Darwinian evolution. One of the most prolific animals on the earth hasn’t been able to evolve around the need to have mosquitos host it for part of its life cycle. There are more malaria parasite reproductive events every year than all the reptiles that ever lived.

Comment on Embracing uncertainty in climate change policy (!) by AK

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However in this case there’s a fine alternative theory: there are no hostile aliens in Earth’s foreseeable future. This theory has a very simple argument for it. There’s been no sign of such for billions of years, making it highly improbable that they’d show up at any point in the next 15 years, […]

Wrong!

They only care about “intelligent” species, which they define as producing coherent radio waves. So your sample is only a century or so.

Not only that, but we don’t know how far away they placed their sensor, so how long a time to expect between when our “civilization” started producing coherent radio waves, and when they notice them.

They might show up any day!!!!

Comment on Embracing uncertainty in climate change policy (!) by AK

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Or maybe they showed up in the ’70’s, and started the “global warming” movement. Making us destroy ourselves is easier than spending ammunition on us.


Comment on Week in review – science edition by Editor of the Fabius Maximus website

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Climate grog, Many papers looking at the effect of volcanoes on warming, such as... “<a title="UCAR" href="http://acd.ucar.edu/%7Emmills/pubs/2013_JGR_Neely_et_al.pdf" rel="nofollow">Recent anthropogenic increases in SO2 from Asia have minimal impact on stratospheric aerosol</a>“, Ryan Neely et al, <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, 13 March 2013 — <a title="NOAA" href="http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/annualconference/slides/17-130402-A.pdf" rel="nofollow">Pdf of slide presentation</a>. “<a title="Nature Geoscience" href="http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2098.html" rel="nofollow">Volcanic contribution to decadal changes in tropospheric temperature</a>“, Benjamin D. Santer et al, <em>Nature Geoscience</em>, March 2014. “<a title="GRL" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL061541/abstract" rel="nofollow">Total volcanic stratospheric aerosol optical depths and implications for global climate change</a>“, David Ridley et al, <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, 28 November 2014. “<a title="GRL" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL062366/abstract" rel="nofollow">Observed multi-variable signals of late 20th and early 21st century volcanic activity</a>“, Benjamin D. Santer et al, <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, accepted 24 December 2014. <a href="http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~mzelinka/Santer_etal15.pdf" rel="nofollow">Ungated version here</a>.

Comment on Embracing uncertainty in climate change policy (!) by jim2

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I think you may be wrong about the aliens. You realize Obumble’s birth certificate is in dispute … don’t you?

Comment on Week in review – science edition by AK

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<a href="http://classes.biology.ucsd.edu/bggn231.FA10/documents/R3SvobodaandFlemrReview.pdf" rel="nofollow">The role of miRNAs and endogenous siRNAs in maternal-to-zygotic reprogramming and the establishment of pluripotency</a> by Petr Svoboda & Matyas Flemr <i>EMBO reports</i> VOL 11 | NO 8 | 2010<blockquote>RNA silencing is a complex of mechanisms that regulate gene expression through small RNA molecules. The microRNA (miRNA) pathway is the most common of these in mammals. Genome-encoded miRNAs suppress translation in a sequence-specific manner and facilitate shifts in gene expression during developmental transitions. Here, we discuss the role of miRNAs in oocyte-to-zygote transition and in the control of pluripotency. Existing data suggest a common principle involving miRNAs in defining pluripotent and differentiated cells. RNA silencing pathways also rapidly evolve, resulting in many unique features of RNA silencing in different taxonomic groups. This is exemplified in the mouse model of oocyte-to-zygote transition, in which the endogenous RNA interference pathway has acquired a novel role in regulating protein-coding genes, while the miRNA pathway has become transiently suppressed.</blockquote><a href="http://expert.sgst.cn/upload/attach/attach2009040210544187kviis5rc.pdf" rel="nofollow">MicroRNAs control <i>de novo</i> DNA methylation through regulation of transcriptional repressors in mouse embryonic stem cells</a> by Lasse Sinkkonen, Tabea Hugenschmidt, Philipp Berninger, Dimos Gaidatzis, Fabio Mohn, Caroline G Artus-Revel, Mihaela Zavolan, Petr Svoboda & Witold Filipowicz <i>Nature Structural & Molecular Biology</i> 15, 259 - 267 (2008)<blockquote>Loss of microRNA (miRNA) pathway components negatively affects differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here we characterize changes in mouse ES cells lacking Dicer (Dicer1). Transcriptome analysis of Dicer−/− cells indicates that the ES-specific miR-290 cluster has an important regulatory function in undifferentiated ES cells. Consistently, many of the defects in Dicer-deficient cells can be reversed by transfection with miR-290 family miRNAs. We demonstrate that Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1) silencing in differentiating Dicer−/− ES cells is accompanied by accumulation of repressive histone marks but not by DNA methylation, which prevents the stable repression of Oct4. The methylation defect correlates with downregulation of de novo DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts). The downregulation is mediated by Rbl2 and possibly other transcriptional repressors, potential direct targets of miR-290 cluster miRNAs. The defective DNA methylation can be rescued by ectopic expression of de novo Dnmts or by transfection of the miR-290 cluster miRNAs, indicating that <b>de novo DNA methylation in ES cells is controlled by miRNAs.</b> [my bold]</blockquote>

Comment on Week in review – science edition by Peter Davies

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Most interesting sub-thread. David Springer’s thoughts on the malaria virus is great reading. All parasites obviously can’t survive without a host and the malaria virus is a classic example of how a genetic characteristic is hard wired to accommodate its host mosquito.

Comment on Week in review – science edition by David Springer

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I couldn’t find any patents with you as inventor other than in the area of wireless medicine.

https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=pts&hl=en&q=ininventor:rud+ininventor:istvan&num=100

I was on the patent committee at Dell for a few years when the heat was on to build up a patent portfolio to escape hundreds of millions in royalties being mostly to Texas Instruments and IBM. The committee was a group of 12 engineers plus a paralegal and IP attorney who reviewed all the patent abstracts submitted by employees worldwide. I voted up about 300 of the 1000+ I reviewed. As far as I know all 300 were eventually granted. I was a tough sell especially regarding novelty. We were successful. IBM wanted our “Build To Order” patents in a bad way and eventually did a cross-license deal. Michael Dell said the day he no longer had to pay $100,000,000/yr to IBM in patent royalties was the best day of his life at Dell. IMO patents are generally a racket where individual patents don’t mean much it’s just a numbers game played by big corporations who reach cross-license agreements with each other to avoid ruination and then use prosecution of individual patents as a barrier to entry for smaller businesses. Reality does indeed bite.

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