Other Bart
Here two Barts begin to converge.
Have some past treatments on both sides been underwhelming? Including sophomoric approaches to key questions?
Absolutely.
And it is proper to be skeptical of such inadequacies where pertinent.
However, there is plenty of valid reasoning and plausible evidence too for the pieces of the puzzle that can be put together.
Those pieces in collection, the partial picture they form, suffice to move the state of our knowledge from ignorance to sufficient to recognize there have been changes, and to have some sense of the probable shape of those changes.
Perhaps there is, somewhere out there I am unaware of, a clearer compilation of the body of knowledge of climate including most or all of what you ask.
If so, it’s more than I need to know, though I’d like to see it in any event, pertinent or not.
Still, a complete accounting of all energy in the whole system by temperature and heat capacity of every component is a very strict demand, given there are ways to statistically affirm the results we have for the purposes we need.
Just because we can ask and answer the question of physical meaning –and ought — doesn’t mean we need to know the exact measure of it.
Science is a poor name for the field. Real knowledge exists only in fiction. “Aestimo” (reckoning) is a better word for it.